Define 'cognitive dissonance' in psychology.

• A. A state of emotional stability
• B. The ability to adapt to social norms
• C. The mental discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs or values
• D. A principle of classical conditioning

Answer: (C)

Cognitive dissonance refers to the mental discomfort or psychological stress that occurs when an individual holds two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or ideas simultaneously. This discomfort often arises when one’s behavior is not aligned with their beliefs or when faced with new information that conflicts with existing beliefs. To alleviate this dissonance, individuals may change their beliefs, rationalize their behavior, or minimize the importance of the conflicting belief, which can lead to changes in attitude or behavior to restore a sense of internal consistency. Understanding cognitive dissonance is crucial as it explains how people are motivated to reduce discomfort and maintain cognitive harmony in their lives.