Which explanation of results aligns with the optimal arousal theory regarding participants reminded of their membership in a stereotyped group?

• A. A. It leads to optimal arousal and varying performance based on ability.
• B. B. It leads to fluctuating arousal resulting in poor performance.
• C. C. A negative stereotype increases arousal beyond optimal levels leading to poor performance.
• D. D. A positive stereotype eliminates arousal completely, optimizing performance.

Answer: (C)

Optimal arousal theory posits that there is an ideal level of arousal that leads to peak performance, and this level varies depending on the complexity of the task and the individual's ability. When participants are reminded of their membership in a stereotyped group, especially if the stereotype is negative, it can induce additional stress and anxiety, elevating their arousal levels beyond that optimal threshold. This heightened state of arousal may interfere with focus and cognitive processes, ultimately leading to poor performance.

In the context of negative stereotypes, the increased arousal can become counterproductive, overwhelming the individual's ability to perform effectively. Therefore, according to optimal arousal theory, when arousal surpasses the optimal point due to reminders of a negative stereotype, it detracts from performance quality. Thus, this explanation aligns well with the theory’s framework, illustrating how stereotypes can negatively impact those who are reminded of them by pushing their arousal levels beyond what is beneficial for their performance.